Unveiling the “Ghost Plume”: A Hidden Mantle Plume and its Implications for Earth’s Thermal Evolution

Recent research published in Earth and Planetary Science Letters suggests the existence of a previously unknown “ghost plume” beneath Oman. This discovery challenges our understanding of Earth’s internal heat transfer and could significantly alter existing models of planetary evolution.

Unlike typical mantle plumes, which are associated with surface volcanism, this “ghost plume,” termed the “Dani plume” by researchers, shows no surface volcanic activity. Its presence was inferred through the analysis of seismic data, revealing an area of unusually slow seismic wave velocities beneath eastern Oman. This indicates a region of less rigid, hotter rock within the mantle. Further analysis, including independent seismic measurements and observations of mineral phase changes at depth, corroborates the existence of a plume extending over 660 kilometers below the surface.

The discovery is significant for several reasons. Firstly, it provides evidence of a heat transfer mechanism from the Earth’s core to the mantle that is not readily apparent on the surface. This challenges the conventional understanding of mantle plume formation and behavior. Secondly, the plume’s presence offers a plausible explanation for the ongoing elevation rise in the region, even after tectonic compression ceased. Finally, it aligns with models attempting to explain shifts in the movement of the Indian tectonic plate.

While the existence of the Dani plume is supported by robust evidence, its unique characteristics—particularly its lack of surface volcanism—raise important questions. Experts acknowledge the difficulty in detecting narrow plumes, yet the researchers’ findings are considered thorough and compelling. The implications are far-reaching. If similar “ghost plumes” exist elsewhere, it would suggest a greater contribution of core heat transfer to the mantle via plumes than previously considered, potentially altering our understanding of Earth’s thermal history and evolution.

The study highlights the need for further research to identify and characterize similar hidden plumes. The discovery of the Dani plume underscores the complexities of Earth’s internal dynamics and emphasizes the ongoing need for innovative approaches to studying our planet’s deep interior.

Journal Reference: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, DOI: 10.1016/j.epsl.2025.119467

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